Commercially, the Czochralski process is the most commonly applied method for production of monocrystalline silicon for semiconductor and solar cell applications. The process has traditionally been controlled using nested single-loop controllers. Due to the complex and nonlinear nature of the Cz pro...

Reliability of the numerical simulation results strongly depends on the input data, in particular on the thermo-physical properties of the furnace components, e.g. graphite thermal conductivity and steel surface emissivity. Uncertainties are always involved in the measurement of these parameters. A ...