The mean annual air temperature in Svalbard has increased between 3 ℃ and 5 ℃ during the last 40 to 50 years. The continuous warming trend observed in Svalbard during the last 30 years has raised concerns about the stability and durability of existing infrastructure on permafrost and uncertainties r...

Soil temperature variation is one of the governing factors of mechanical properties of frozen soils and has a large effect on the stability of soil masses in regions affected by permafrost. The understanding of the thermal regime is critical for planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining inf...