When an oil field ages and the pressure in the reservoir decreases, or for oil fields with heavy oil, there may be a need for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies. Polymer injection is a water-based EOR method where the viscosity of the water injected for pressure support is increased by mixing ...

During accidental crude oil spills and permitted discharges of produced water into the marine environment, a large fraction of naturally occurring oil components will be contained in micron-sized oil droplets. Toxicity is assumed to be associated with the dissolved fraction of oil components, howeve...

Regular discharges of produced water from the oil and gas industry represents the largest direct discharge of effluent into the marine environment worldwide. Organic compound classes typically reported in produced water include saturated hydrocarbons, monoaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs...

Despite the possible increase in use of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in enhanced oil recovery operations, very little relevant information regarding ecotoxicity exists. The current study assessed acute and sub-lethal toxicity in sensitive early life stages (ELS) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) expos...