Indium is a rare metal. The largest end use for indium is in thinfilm coatings as indium oxide combined with 10 percent tin oxide (ITO). However, indium has recycling rates less than 1%. Indium and tin are especially well suited for fused salt electrolysis because of their low melting points. The...
Indium is a rare metal. The largest end use for indium is in thin-film coatings as indium oxide combinined with 10 percent tin oxide (ITO). However, indium has recycling rates less than 1%. Indium and tin are especially well suited for fused salt electrolysis because their low melting points. The...
Inert oxygen evolving anodes are much desired to replace carbon anodes in proposed electrolysis processes in molten salt electrolytes containing dissolved oxides. Experiments were performed in molten CaCl2-NaCl-CaO at 650 oC and KCl-LiCl-LiO2 at 450 - 550 oC. The behaviour of nickel ferrite and tin...
This report summarizes the results obtained in the frame of the BIP project NFR 176734 “Miljøvennlig produksjon av metaller basert på ny deoksyderingsprosess”, dealing with the use of a consumable titanium oxycarbide anodes (TiOxCy) for electrolytic production of titanium from a molten salt...
One important challenge, among several others, in using silicon nanostructures as anodes in lithium ion batteries concerns finding cost effective fabrication routes for their connection to a suitable current collector. Here we present synthesis and characterization of silicon nanostructures by...
...reduced by electrochemical method in molten LiCl-KCl at 450°C under argon with Mo wire contacting electrode. The findings, together with SEM and EDX analyses, confirmed ITO layer was removed from the glass surface....
In addition to aluminium electrolysis, the electrolysis of rare earth (RE) metals from fluoride melts is a significant source of perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions to the atmosphere. These processes have many similarities, they are both based on molten fluoride salt electrolysis at temperatures around...
Solar energy is growing to be an important source of renewable energy in the world, and the need of recycling processes to recover the strategic materials used for this technology are necessary. Ag may be recovered from photovoltaic cells using a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), by selectively...
The electroreduction processes on a Mo electrode in a Na-Zn liquid metal battery cell with a molten NaCl-CaCl2-ZnCl2 electrolyte were investigated at 565°C. The effect of the battery operating parameters on the loss rate of Na was determined by using electrochemical techniques. The results indicated...
Interfacial tension and wetting phenomena are important in all industrial processes, and the aluminium electrolysis is no exception. The present paper explains some of the basic principles related to interfaces, including the Young equation and principles for computing the shape of surfaces. An...
Alkali and alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, magnesium and calcium are produced by electrowinning in chloride melts. Direct cathodic reduction of metal oxides in chloride melts has been proposed for the FFC process. Fundamental data for the anodic process on carbon in mixed chloride...
The electrochemical behavior of tin was studied with cyclic voltammetry at glassy carbon electrodes in the fused LiCl-KCl at 450 ℃. Metallic tin deposition on the glassy carbon electrode occurs at a potential of around -0.56 V with Ag/AgCl reference electrode. the diffusion coefficient DSn 2+ is...
In this work, the feasibility of extracting of metallic indium from In2O3 and ITO through the direct electrochemical reduction at 450°C in molten salt LiCl-KCl was studied. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to study the behaviour of indium oxide by the liquid metal indium used as the working...
Concentrations of dissolved rare earth metal oxides, Nd2O3, and Pr2O3 or their mixtures in different fluoride electrolytes composed of NdF3, PrF3, and LiF at ca. 1040 °C were monitored using a graphite probe inserted into the electrolyte during the dissolution process. Fast voltage sweeps of 100 V/s...
A challenge during rare earth (RE) electrolysis is to avoid emissions of perfluorocarbon (PFC) green-house gases. The objective of this work was to study how to operate the RE electrolysis process with neither PFC formation nor anode effect. Linear Sweep Voltammetry was carried out at 1050 and...
Metallothermic reduction is, at the moment, the only commercially available process for the industrial production of titanium sponge (Kroll process). Although the apparatus and procedures have improved over the past 50 years, it is still difficult to recover the waste heat from the individual steps...
Zirconium nitride (ZrN) has proved to be a promising new catalyst material. Bearing in mind its recyclability at end-of-life, the objective of this work was to demonstrate recovery of Zr in an electrochemical process using a consumable ZrN anode. A mechanically stable ZrN anode was made from...
Electrochemical studies, mainly cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry, were carried out to study the behavior of dissolved silicon species in molten LiF-KF with additions of K2SiF6 at temperatures from 550 to 800 °C. Electrolysis experiments were run at constant current...
The electrochemical de-oxidation process, also called FFC-Cambridge process, has been proposed previously to produce reactive metals and their alloys through reduction of their metal oxides. The process works by introducing metal oxides into a molten salt bath where it is electrolysed to form metal...
Recycling of electronic waste to recover the metal value is of prime importance, especially for metals with limited resources. An electrochemical approach should be an interesting option to develop sustainable recycling processes. The electrochemical deposition of tin was studied by cyclic...