In the long-term development of the electric power system, system operators should consider the socio-economic balance between grid investment costs and security of supply, including the risk of power supply interruptions. Cost-benefit analyses conducted for this purpose are associated with many...

Extreme weather is known to cause failure bunching in electrical transmission systems. However, protection systems can also contribute to the worsening of the system state through various failure modes—spontaneous, missing or unwanted operation. The latter two types of failures only occur when an...