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Secondary recovery methods, such as water and gas injection, are effective and cost-efficient techniques for enhancing hydrocarbon recovery; however, they are highly energy-intensive, leading to a large environmental footprint. This study provides insights into the challenge of balancing high...

A chemical model for the current efficiency (CE) in aluminium cells was used for estimating the maximum attainable CE in industrial cells. The model assumes that the loss in CE is governed by the mass transfer of dissolved metal from the metal surface (cathode) to the bulk of the bath. The mass...