Production of Atlantic salmon smolts in Europe-Current characteristics and future trends

Over the last decade, the annual production at Norwegian hatcheries has increased 3-4 times. Introduction of efficient oxygenation both of inlet water and within the fish tanks is a key factor allowing a reduced specific water flow. Most water sources in coastal regions are characterised by very soft water. Insufficient carbon dioxide control is considered a major reason for disease outbreaks and reduced growth in hatcheries. Commonly applied water treatment attempts in hatcheries are ozonation and UV irradiation, CO₂ stripping and addition of seawater. Only a few existing hatcheries in Norway and Scotland are presently utilising RAS. Modern RAS for smolt production are mainly large farms, e.g. a RAS farm on the Faeroe islands which produces 6 million smolts annually. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.