Abstract
The ongoing energy transition introduces new technologies and grid components to the power system. Offshore, a new grid is being developed with HVDC technology coupled to the existing onshore HVAC grid, while existing HVAC circuit breakers onshore are being replaced by new, SF6-free alternatives to comply with EU regulations. Throughout this transition, it is important to ensure the resilience of the power system. This can be achieved if TSOs, vendors, and other relevant actors are aware of and avoids the introduction of new vulnerabilities in the power system. To this end, this paper aims to identify and assess potential vulnerabilities in the future power system, focusing on new HVAC and HVDC switchgear and power converter technologies in the European power system. This is done by applying an existing qualitative framework and methodology for vulnerability assessment, in addition to in-depth interviews with representatives from eight companies within the European electric power industry.
The study revealed no new or increased vulnerabilities specifically associated with the new technologies. However, the study has given new insights into relevant vulnerabilities associated with new technology in general and vulnerabilities that will be influenced by factors related to the ongoing transition of the power system, such as vendor availability and TSOs’ vendor and spares strategies. Based on these assessments, the following measures are recommended to ensure power system resilience: Close collaboration between vendors and TSOs in the design of new components; ensuring that multiple vendors can supply compatible technology; prioritizing spare components and vendor repair capacity over producing new components for grid expansion; standardization of components and training on procedures for maintenance etc.; supporting development of HVDC circuit breaker technology; design HVDC grids with high selectivity or limited extent of meshing.
The study revealed no new or increased vulnerabilities specifically associated with the new technologies. However, the study has given new insights into relevant vulnerabilities associated with new technology in general and vulnerabilities that will be influenced by factors related to the ongoing transition of the power system, such as vendor availability and TSOs’ vendor and spares strategies. Based on these assessments, the following measures are recommended to ensure power system resilience: Close collaboration between vendors and TSOs in the design of new components; ensuring that multiple vendors can supply compatible technology; prioritizing spare components and vendor repair capacity over producing new components for grid expansion; standardization of components and training on procedures for maintenance etc.; supporting development of HVDC circuit breaker technology; design HVDC grids with high selectivity or limited extent of meshing.