Pore-scale bubble population dynamics of CO₂-foam at reservoir pressure

The flow of CO₂ foam for mobility control in porous media is dictated by the foam texture, or bubble density, which is commonly expressed as the number of bubbles per unit of flowing gas. In most high-pressure laboratory studies of foam in porous media, the local foam texture cannot be determined due to opaque flow systems. Here, we unlock real-time foam texture dynamics at high pressure (100 bar) by utilizing a realistic pore network with an extended field of view. We identified snap-off as the dominant foam generation mechanism, with additional fining of foam texture caused by backward foam propagation. Foam coalescence during continuous CO₂ injection resulted in large gas channels parallel to the general flow direction that reduced the overall foam apparent viscosity. A large fraction of the CO₂ foam remained trapped (X⁻t > 0.97) and stationary in pores to divert CO₂ flow and increase sweep efficiency. The gas mobility was calculated from the fraction of trapped bubbles at the pore-scale, and the apparent foam viscosity agreed with similar injection test performed at core-scale. Hence, improved understanding of CO₂ foam texture evolution (n⁻f) can strengthen the validation of numerical foam models for upscaling of flow phenomena, instrumental in the development of field scale implementation of CO₂ foam for in carbon utilization and storage applications.