Modelling leakage risk along a fault using modified discrete elements

Faults are either sealing or not, which defines pressure compartments in a storage reservoir.
Understanding fault behavior is vital to de-risk and optimize CO₂ storage in a chosen site.
Traditionally, faults are implemented as 1D lines in 2D geomechanical software packages (2D planes in 3D codes).
However, geological description of faults are much more complex, with structure evolving outwards from a thin core to a process zone with fractures.
Lithology also changes from core to process zone.
Lenses of deformed but intact rock can also be seen in fault structures.