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From Manual to Automated Cyber Risk Assessment: LLM- and RAG-Driven Multi-Agent Threat Modeling with CORAS in Healthcare Case Studies

Abstract

Cyber risk assessment is a cornerstone of cybersecurity management, yet current practices remain largely manual, static, and resource intensive. This paper presents the CORAS Threat Modeler, an open-source tool that leverages large language models (LLMs), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and multi-agent orchestration to automate the generation of structured risk information and threat models directly from natural-language system descriptions. The tool was developed with three success criteria in mind: automating threat model creation, enabling dynamic risk assessment through context-aware retrieval and generation, and supporting accessibility for both experts and non-experts. We present the architecture of the tool and its integration with CAPEC and CWE repositories, and report on an evaluation across three healthcare case studies: one hospital and two medical device manufacturers. Results show that the tool successfully produced syntactically correct and interpretable threat models, generated contextually relevant risks and mitigations, and lowered the entry barrier for non-experts. However, improvements for broader risk coverage, treatment flexibility, and enhanced usability are needed to fully realize its potential.
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Category

Academic chapter

Language

English

Affiliation

  • SINTEF Digital / Sustainable Communication Technologies
  • France

Date

12.01.2026

Year

2026

Publisher

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

Book

Proceedings of the 2025 12th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 24-26 Nov. 2025

ISBN

9781665477697

Page(s)

55 - 64

View this publication at Norwegian Research Information Repository