Abstract
Sectorial electrification is a key strategy towards reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as the world
tries to wean off fossil fuels in its path towards net zero. Electrification has been gaining impetus in the
maritime industry, which contributes roughly 3% of the global GHG emissions. A possible route is by transitioning to battery propulsion thereby mitigating the environmental impact of maritime operations. Battery
propulsion offers a cleaner alternative, eliminating direct emissions during operation and significantly reducing the carbon footprint of vessels. Additionally, advancements in battery technology, such as improved
energy density and longer cycle life, make battery systems more viable for the energy demands of large
ships. By adopting battery propulsion, the cruise industry can enhance its sustainability, comply with stringent international regulations, and meet the growing consumer demand for environmentally responsible
travel options. This shift is crucial for the long-term viability of the industry and the protection of the oceans and atmosphere. Among the various battery chemistries available Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), and
Sodium-ion Batteries (SIB) have emerged as promising candidates for maritime applications due to their
distinct electrochemical properties and performance characteristics.
In this study we asses the life cycle impacts of LFP and SIB battery modules focusing on crustal scarcity
indicators. SIB modules have a higher crustal scarcity impact due to their lower gravimetric density and
cycle life, which affects material usage. However, the end-of-life phase shows greater material recovery benefits for SIB cell chemistry relative to LFP. The study underscores the importance of considering different
end of life treatments and the uncertainties in recycling processes, which warrant further detailed analysis
in future research