Pathways to low-cost clean hydrogen production with gas switching reforming

Gas switching reforming (GSR) is a promising technology for natural gas reforming with inherent CO₂ capture. Like conventional steam methane reforming (SMR), GSR can be integrated with water-gas shift and pressure swing adsorption units for pure hydrogen production. The resulting GSR-H₂ process concept was techno-economically assessed in this study. Results showed that GSR-H₂ can achieve 96% CO₂ capture at a CO₂ avoidance cost of 15 $/ton (including CO₂ transport and storage). Most components of the GSR-H₂ process are proven technologies, but long-term oxygen carrier stability presents an important technical uncertainty that can adversely affect competitiveness when the material lifetime drops below one year. Relative to the SMR benchmark, GSR-H₂ replaces some fuel consumption with electricity consumption, making it more suitable to regions with higher natural gas prices and lower electricity prices. Some minor alterations to the process configuration can adjust the balance between fuel and electricity consumption to match local market conditions. The most attractive commercialization pathway for the GSR-H₂ technology is initial construction without CO₂ capture, followed by simple retrofitting for CO₂ capture when CO₂ taxes rise, and CO₂ transport and storage infrastructure becomes available. These features make the GSR-H₂ technology robust to almost any future energy market scenario.