Abstract
The Korsnäs wind farm, a joint venture between Vattenfall and Metsähallitus, will be Finland’s first offshore wind farm in open sea, featuring 70–100 turbines with a total capacity of 1.3 GW and annual energy production of 5 TWh. This study investigates the dynamic ice–structure interaction (ISI) of a 22 MW gravity-based wind turbine subjected to drifting level ice, aiming to inform the safe design of offshore wind infrastructure in iceprone regions. A high-fidelity numerical model is developed in LS-DYNA using a hybrid cohesive–continuum damage mechanics approach to simulate ice-induced vibrations (IIV) at varying ice drift speeds. The turbine is based on the IEA 22 MW reference design and includes detailed structural components: rotor-nacelle assembly, steel tower, and concrete gravity-based foundation (GBF). Spring-based soil-structure interaction (SSI) and an Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are incorporated.