Abstract
This document investigates and compares literature from recent research concerning the required physical and digital road infrastructure (PDI) for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). The primary purpose is to identify the main findings relevant to MODI T4.2 in previous and ongoing research and innovation concerning physical and digital infrastructure requirements for automated driving. By studying this research question, the document lays a fundament for answering the research questions for MODI T4.2.1, focusing on what requirements will be put on the physical and digital road infrastructure on public roads at different levels for supporting freight transport with SAE level 4 vehicles.
The findings indicate that connected, cooperative and automated mobility (CCAM) for logistics has received comparatively less attention than passenger transport. Most of the studied literature concerns connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in general, while only a few studies have investigated requirements for larger vehicles for logistics, as studied in MODI. Therefore, specific requirements for freight transport with SAE level 4 vehicles have not been found in the studied literature. Still, the requirements and recommendations concerning the introduction of CAVs in general are considered relevant for MODI as well.
Authorities need to plan for the future of automated drivers but invest cautiously and avoid vehicle-specific technologies. More safe harbours may be required to prevent conflicts between CAVs and other road users, which may be particularly important for large vehicles such as MODI. Upgraded maintenance of signs and markings is crucial for the perception of onboard units. The digital infrastructure will be crucial for authorities to support and control CAVs. Critical elements include roadside equipment for enhanced situational perception; continuous coverage of communication networks; the availability and accuracy of services, point clouds and landmarks for positioning support; and provision of HD maps with machine-interpretable traffic rules and regulations, road network and dynamic data. Standardisation of the PDI and requirements is needed before introducing CAVs in large numbers to ensure information exchange and continuity, and authorities are recommended to take a leading role.