Abstract
Border crossing refers to the process of a vehicle crossing a border between countries subject to different legislation or different customs, immigration or security standards. Border crossing between EU and Non-EU countries is more challenging than between EU countries in the Schengen Area, where the Schengen Agreement[1] allows for reduced custom controls. Border processes often involve pre-selection of vehicles for control, routing and stopping of vehicles for control, and cargo screening.
The aim of this deliverable is to identify requirements for higher communication and positioning network that will be needed for transfer of fully automated vehicles through a border crossing scenario.
The approach taken in this deliverable is to first explain important terminology and the basic technologies that are key to understanding the automation of border processes. These are namely C-ITS communication structures and a highly developed automated positioning of the vehicles within certain reference frames.
With that understanding the current processes are described. The human factor in these processes is not negligible and is commented below in the conclusions. The process was exemplarily described at Svinesund border between Sweden and Norway, because it is not only described as one of the MODI use cases, but is one of the most interesting borders in the EU. Within the EU regulations are less strict and diverse between countries, because of the established Schengen area.
The potential future processes are then established and its relevant objects and installments are described. These are accompanied by the descriptions regarding the standardization of interfaces and relevant international standards.
In the deliverable it was shown that very precise positioning and the correct reference frames are key to automated vehicles to pass a border of any kind. Especially a variation in systems between countries or between confined private and public areas can easily cause various issues
It has to be considered that this deliverable is an outlook into the future and everything written has to be evaluated by further MODI activities and by future research and on the roads.