A MIBLP model for a Northern European negative-emission hydrogen supply chain with CCS in the North Sea

Hydrogen from biomass gasification combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS) can lead to negative emissions and support Europe’s energy transition. This study presents a mixed-integer bilinear optimization model for the cost-optimal design of a Northern European hydrogen supply chain with integrated CCS, focusing on exports from Norway to Germany and CO₂ sequestration in Norway. The model is formulated as a superstructure problem and implemented in Pyomo, considering multiple locations for infrastructure nodes and transport options for hydrogen, wood chips, and CO₂. The results show that shipping wood chips and CO₂ is generally more cost-effective than shipping compressed hydrogen. Supply chain costs range from 35–55 NOK/kg H₂, and net-negative emissions (scope 1 and scope 2) are achieved at CO₂ capture rates above approximately 30%.