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User Experience of Autonomous Ferries: What Passengers Need and How to Design for It

Abstract

Designing autonomous public transport requires understandinghow passengers experience such systems in real-world use. Forautonomous ferries, however, little is known about how users inter-pret waterborne autonomy. We address this gap through post-rideinterviews (N=164) from a public trial of an autonomous ferry heldin Trondheim, Norway, in 2022. Our thematic analysis identifies several ferry-specific factors that shape the user experience (UX).The themes were formed around sensitivity to motion and docking,the readability of manoeuvres without a visible operator, expecta-tions around on-demand timing, and accessibility challenges at thevessel-quay interface. From these findings, we propose six designguidelines that address embodied experience, transparency of au-tonomous behaviour, temporal predictability, accessibility acrosstravel chains, and the redistribution of social informational rolestraditionally held by the crew. These findings extend land-based au-tonomous vehicle research by revealing how waterborne contextsshape trust and acceptance. The contribution of this work is a set ofactionable design guidelines to achieve a predictable, trustworthy,accessible, and reliable autonomous ferry service.
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Category

Academic chapter

Language

English

Author(s)

  • Felix-Marcel Petermann
  • Ole Andreas Alsos
  • Mina Saghafian
  • Erik Veitch
  • Grace Winifred Turner
  • Maria Letizia Potenza

Affiliation

  • SINTEF Industry / Industry - Administration
  • Newcastle University
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology
  • Institute of Transport Economics

Date

13.04.2026

Year

2026

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Book

Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

ISBN

9798400722783

View this publication at Norwegian Research Information Repository