A report written at the specific request of the Norwegian Ministry of Environment which aims to be accessible for those unfamiliar with the field. Introduces readers to nano and its environmental issues, promotes the adoption of a lifecycle perspective, argues for the integration of social and ethical aspects into both R&D and decision-making, and highlights 3 cases as being of particular importance for their potential environmental impacts - nanosilver, carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles used for remediation.