Abstract
Electricity production from renewable energy sources is increasing as costs are going down and concerns of climate change are driving political targets to shift away from fossil fuels. The fast expansion of renewable energy into the electric grid, from being negligible to becoming important for system stability, has implications for grid planning and operation. In this situation, grid operators need to ensure that the grid continues to operate in a safe, secure and economic way. To achieve this, grid codes have been introduced as common rules that regulate these responsibilities; and define standardized and transparent requirements for any facility connected to the grid. This paper gives a review of the status of grid codes in Northern Africa and Europe. It describes technical grid connection requirements particularly relevant for renewable energy integration with a focus on wind energy in general and more in-depth for Spain, Morocco and Egypt. Challenges regarding grid code standardisation and grid code compliance of renewable energy are addressed, and recommendations for further development of grid codes in North Africa are made, building on experiences from Europe.