% This file was created with JabRef 2.6. % Encoding: Cp1252 @PHDTHESIS{Amiri2010b, author = {Amiri, Amiri}, title = {Rheology of silica-based dispersions and Cross-sectional modeling of settling slurries}, school = {NTNU}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The stability and flow of suspensions (Rheology) is a complex field of investigation, but is of significant importance in many industrial processes in the oil industry. For colloidal particles, flow rheology becomes particularly complex when interactions between particles are present. In this thesis, silica is the primary particle, as it is one of the most common reservoir particles and can be used as flow modifiers or as model particles for various materials such as sand. The studies are performed in polar solutions such as in water or mixtures of water and glycerol. The focus is mainly on suspension rheology as a function of particle volume fraction, solvent pH, ionic strength, glycerol/water mixing ratio, temperature and pressure. Effects of pH, salinity and particle volume fraction are investigated for critical particle concentration at the transition from Newtonian to shear thinning flow in each system. It is revealed that suspensions at acidic pH exhibit high stability even at their iso electric point and in the presence of high NaCl concentrations, due to the stabilising effect of short range repulsive hydration forces. On the other hand, suspensions with high salt concentrations and basic pH show time dependant rheology and large yield values. These effects are attributed to destabilization mechanisms such as ion exchange and particle bridging. With increasing particle concentrations or salinity, the strength of gelled networks is also found to increase. In mixtures of water and glycerol, increasing glycerol concentrations result in a transition from a highly flocculated gel to stable dispersions containing no microstructures. At intermediate glycerol concentrations, an irreversible and strong shear thickening is observed, resulting from hydrodynamic effects over shadowing colloidal interactions. The shear rate at the onset of shear thickening is found to be depressed by decreasing particle and salt concentrations as well as by increasing glycerol concentrations. Increasing temperatures accelerate aggregation kinetics. The rheology shows increased liquid-like viscoelastic properties, and a weaker gel network. In mixtures of water/glycerol, a transition from a viscoelastic solid to shear induced gelation and highly Newtonian behaviour occurs at increasing temperature. The abnormal stabilizing effect of temperature is attributed to a smaller degree of hydrogen bonding for water and glycerol, leading to formation of fewer silica bridges. The thickening behaviour is observed at intermediate temperatures. The shear thickening behaviour is enhanced by increasing pressure,due to 2 contributing effects: reduction in electrostatic stability, and increase in glycerol and water hydrogen bonding. For settling suspensions, a rheometric method is established to delineate the effects of settling on apparent viscosity and the effects of particle concentration on viscosity. Our approach is based on an inversion of a cross section model for vertical particle concentration gradients and local rheology in the gap of Couette geometries. The particle distribution model is based on equilibrium between gravitational settling and shear induced migration, and the rheology model (Krieger-Dougherty) with adjustable parameters is applied as a function of local particle concentration and shear rate. Experimentally observed shear thinning behaviour arises from a combination of Krieger-Dougherty model and particle dispersion-settling. The small influence of particle size on apparent viscosity is attributed to different intrinsic viscosity and different viscosity parameters. Good agreement is obtained for maximum packing fraction values obtained experimentally and values determined by model inversion. Experimental and theoretical consistency is observed in both the water and oil phase, with varous particle sizes and densities.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_36bce/Amiri2010.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Amiri2008, author = {Asal Amiri and Svend Nuland and Gisle Øye and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Stability and rheological properties of Aqueous fumed silica suspensions}, booktitle = {5th Annual European rheology conference, Cardiff, UK.}, year = {2008}, month = {April}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09} } @ARTICLE{Amiri2010, author = {Asal Amiri and Sven Nuland and Gisle Øye and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Cross sectional model for determining rheology in settling slurries: Effect of solvent, particle size and density}, journal = {Submitted to Journal of Rheology}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Transport models for partially settling slurries need accurate rheology correlations, particularly for how viscosity dispersions depend on particle concentration. However, particle settling affects both pipeline transport operations and rheology measurements. Therefore a method is needed to untangle the effects of settling on apparent viscosity and the real effects of particle concentration on viscosity during rheology measurements. To overcome this problem, our approach is founded based on model inversion of a cross section model for the vertical particle concentration gradient and the local rheologies in the gap of a Couette type rheometer. The particle distribution model is based on equilibrium between gravitational settling and shear induced migration. Iteration on concentration of particles in the bottom of the rheometer gap has been done to balance the measured total particle concentration with the average of the calculated distribution. A rheology correlation with adjustable parameters, the Krieger-Dougherty model, has been applied and a vertical viscosity profile is found as a function of local particle concentration and shear rate. Wall slip effects have been neglected so far. The rheological model parameters have been determined by minimizing the difference between the measured viscosity data and those calculated one by the model. Fairly mono-disperse silver coated polystyrene particles of two sizes and densities were used as test particles in both the aqueous and oil phase, using a wide range of concentrations and shear rates. In the raw data a general shear thinning tendency was observed, in a complicated way depending on total concentrations. Using the model inversion process a much simpler explanation was found that could account for the data. The apparent shear thinning is accounted for by the shear dependent settling and the steep increase in viscosity with particle concentration. The dependence of particle on viscosity is described by a conventional viscosity correlation very similar to correlations for neon-settling dispersions. Maximum packing fraction was also experimentally measured by settling the particle in stagnant solvent. The relative difference between this experiment value and the value determined by the model inversion was found to be less than 3% for oil based suspensions. The larger difference was found in smaller particle size in water which is attributed to the larger degree of the interparticle forces which are not considered in the model.}, keywords = {Rheology; Maximum packing; Settling; Shear induced migration}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d78/Cross%20sectional%20model%20for%20determining%20rheology%20in%20settling%20slurries.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Amiri2010c, author = {Amiri, A. and Nuland, S. and Øye, G. and Sjöblom, J.}, title = {Viscosity of settling suspensions}, booktitle = {7th North American Conference on MULTIPHASE TECHNOLOGY, Banff, Canada.}, year = {2010}, month = {July}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d6c/Determining%20rheology%20for%20settling%20suspensions%20-%20Banff2010.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Amiri2009, author = {Asal Amiri and Gisle Øye and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Influence of pH, high salinity and particle concentration on stability and rheological properties of aqueous suspensions of fumed silica}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, year = {2009}, volume = {349}, pages = {43 - 54}, number = {1-3}, abstract = {Multiphase light scattering and transient-dynamic rheometry were used in combination in order to control the stability, rheology and gelation of aqueous Aerosil 200 suspensions with regard to the influence of pH, particle and electrolyte concentrations. Effects of these parameters were studied by obtaining the critical concentration of particles for transition from Newtonian to shear thinning flow in each system. This was attributed to microstructural changes due to the interparticle forces. Further confirmation of results was obtained by measuring apparent viscosities, yield stresses, time dependent transient rheometry and light scattering from the samples. All results were described by extended-DLVO theory. Suspensions with acidic pH or at the isoelectric point had high stability even in presence of high concentration of NaCl due to the short-range repulsive hydration forces. On the other hand, suspensions with the highest salt concentration and basic pH showed time dependant rheology, largest yield values and viscosities, smallest critical particle concentration for flow regime transition and high capability of gel formation. Verification of gelation kinetics and the gel strength with regard to particle and salt concentration were implemented by three typical tests: time sweep, strain amplitude and frequency amplitude sweep in the dynamic oscillation mode at pH 8.5. Strength of the gelled networks was found to be greater at either higher salt concentration or higher concentration of particles. Strong-link regime of gel was found to govern the system regarding to increase either in particle volume fraction or in electrolyte. The scaling theory was tested for the system at 0.6 M NaCl and power-law exponent of the volume fraction dependence of storage modulus was found to be 3.8. In addition, applying the fractal model for strong gels calculated fractal dimension of flocs df around 1.85. Based on the exponent value of 3.78 for G' and the fractal flocs dimension of 1.85, it was proposed that cluster-diffusion-limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) was mainly governing the gel formation mechanism.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.050}, issn = {0927-7757}, keywords = {Aerosil}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFR-4WY6JVH-5/2/549b14d997fa576d6930bb8dfddb0544} } @ARTICLE{Amiri2011, author = {Asal Amiri and Gisle Øye and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Stability and flow induced flocculation and stability studies of suspensions of fumed silica in mixture of water-glycerol}, journal = {Accepted for publication in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology}, year = {2011}, abstract = {A systematic investigation has been performed on the effect of glycerol addition on the rheological properties of aqueous suspensions of hydrophilic fumed silica at pH far from the iso electric point. Electrokinetic measurements revealed that the mobility of the particles cannot be explained in terms of viscous and dielectric factors separately, but in terms of electron and proton transfer (donicity) and the ratio of the dielectric constant to viscosity. Steady state/dynamic rheology and electrophoresis measurements were compared to correlate the stability with particle-particle and particle-solvent interactions. Although the extent of electrostatic stability was reduced by addition of glycerol, both in absence and presence of electrolyte, the rheological properties showed transition from a highly flocculated gel to stable dispersions containing no microstructures. This was attributed to several parameters of which the most important are: high ability of hydrogen-bonding between glycerol and the Aerosil surface silanol groups; poor dissociation of both NaCl and particles in weakening the suspension destabilization by dehydration mechanism. However, the high viscosity of glycerol during formation of a thick solvation layer between the particles was also important. These parameters gave rise to short-range, non-DLVO repulsive solvation forces, stabilizing dispersion. Within an intermediate concentration of glycerol (30 wt% to 60 wt%) the apparent viscosity increased abruptly and irreversibly as both the extent and time of shearing were increased. The critical shear rate for abrupt thickening was retarded by decreasing the particle concentration and salinity and increasing the glycerol in particles packing, salinity and increase in glycerol concentration. Wall slip studies together with analysis of thixotropy gave an alternative explanation for such irreversible thickening, which could not be explained by the order-to-disorder transition or the hydrodynamic clustering criterion. We postulated that in weakly repulsive silica suspensions, where the height of the energy barrier was small, hydrodynamic forces dominated over colloidal forces at a critical shear rate and activated the particles to approach to the closer distances. Under high enough mechanical force the particle were shifted from the place of dominating repulsion to a closer distance, where strong attractive forces act. Here an irreversible gel formed which could never relax to its initial condition.}, keywords = {shear induced gelation; fumed silica; glycerol; time dependent}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d79/Flow%20induced%20flocculation%20and%20stability%20studies%20of%20suspensions%20of%20fumed%20silica.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Amiri2011a, author = {Asal Amiri and Gisle Øye and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Temperature and Pressure effects on stability and gelation properties of silica suspensions}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering aspects}, year = {2011}, volume = {In Press, Accepted Manuscript}, pages = {-}, abstract = {The kinetics of gelation and flow properties of fumed silica suspensions were investigated in pure water and a water/glycerol mixture, as a function of temperature and pressure. In pure water, the gelation time was determined by following the evolution of the storage and loss moduli versus time at several frequencies and temperatures between 18 and 35°C. Increasing the temperature increased the aggregation kinetics and reduced the gelation time, while the elastic character and relaxation exponent showed more liquid-like viscoelastic properties. The fractal dimensions of the flocs in the gel network decreased when the temperature, increased, showing a looser and more open gel network at the higher temperature. In the 50/50 mixture of water/glycerol, the flow behaviour showed a transition from more viscoelastic solid to a shear induced gel and highly Newtonian behaviour when the temperature increased from 18 to 50°C. The irreversible shear thickening behaviour at the intermediate temperature (25°C) was explained by the domination of hydrodynamic forces, originating from thermal fluctuations of the medium, in balance with the colloidal interaction forces. When increasing the pressure from 1 to 150 bars at constant temperature, the suspensions showed highly shear thickening effects in the whole pressure range. The onset shear rate of the thickening was accelerated from ambient pressure up to 150 bars. Most anomalies of the temperature and pressure effects on the suspensions stability were attributed to the conformational changes of the water and glycerol molecules and the degree and range of the hydrogen bondings, resulting in a change in the extent of silica bridging during destabilisation of suspensions.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.048}, keywords = {Gelation; Shear induced flocculation; Temperature; Pressure; Fumed silica suspensions.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFR-5230PPY-F/2/d43848d5a34a9657f258966e2ac4df79} } @CONFERENCE{Bragg2010, author = {A. Bragg and D.C. Swailes and R. Skartlien}, title = {Closure approximations in particle dispersion coefficients derived from pdf kinetic equations}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 – June 4}, citeseerurl = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d6d/Particle%20dispersion%20coefficients-ICMF10.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Brekken2010a, author = {Christian Brekken}, title = {Viscous Oil Modelling, FACE internal Expert Group recommendations}, institution = {FACE}, year = {2010}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_31a9b/CTR73_D2_VOmodeling_ExpertGroupRecommendations_final.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Eijkeren2010, author = {D.F. van Eijkeren and H.W.M. Hoeijmakers}, title = {Influence of the history term in a Lagrangian method for oil-water separation}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 – June 4}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587} } @CONFERENCE{Eijkeren2011, author = {D.F. van Eijkeren and H.W.M. Hoeijmakers}, title = {History Force and Drag Correlation in a Lagrangian Method Applied to Oil-Water Separation}, booktitle = {8th International Conference on CFD in Oil \& Gas, Metallurgical and Process Industries, Trondheim Norway}, year = {2011}, month = {21-23 June}, publisher = {SINTEF/NTNU}, note = {CFD 2011}, abstract = {In the oil industry, both settling tanks and swirling flow separators are used to provide separation of phases. In the present research, the motion of oil droplets is investigated numerically for the case of swirling flow fields as well as for the case of settling in quiescent fluids. During phase separation the oil droplets are subjected to volumetric forces and integrated surface stresses due to the flow field, i.e. the pressure and shear acting at the surface of the droplet. The integrated surface stresses, due to various flow phenomena, are represented by corresponding forces based on the macroscopic flow field, i.e. drag force, stress gradient force, virtual mass force, various lift forces and the history or Basset force. Gravity on the particle combined with the hydrostatic pressure gradient of the macroscopic flow field is usually called the buoyancy force. A common approach to calculate these forces is to use Stokes’ drag and neglect the lift forces as well as the history force. However, in many flow problems the drag force is not accurately predicted using Stokes’ drag, while the lift forces and history forces cannot be neglected. For oil-water systems the density ratio is close to 1, and for such density ratios the influence of the history force may become too large to neglect. To investigate accurate predictions of drag and history force, results of Lagrangian particle tracking have been compared to experimental data and results from direct numerical simulations, including simulations using the Lattice Boltzmann Method. In the present research the prediction of the drag coefficient correlation and the history force have also been studied for the case of a generic swirling flow field, existing of a Lamb-Oseen vortex without decay and a superposed constant axial velocity. Results show that predicted particle trajectories can change substantially by choosing a different drag correlation, as well as inclusion of the history force. Therefore, it is essential that the relevance of these forces is investigated before simplifications are made.}, keywords = {Dispersed droplet dynamics, separation, Lagrangian particle tracking.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2011.01.11}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_39134/Abstract_DFvanEijkeren_CFD2011.pdf} } @MISC{Eijkeren2011a, author = {D.F. van Eijkeren and H.W.M. Hoeijmakers}, title = {Lagrangian Particle Tracking for Water De-Oiling}, howpublished = {Poster}, month = {January}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Particle tracking; history term;}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2011.01.11}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_39136/Poster_Burgersdag_2011_Dirk_van_Eijkeren.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Fan2009, author = {Fan, Yanru and Simon, Sebastien and Sjoblom, Johan}, title = {Chemical Destabilization of Crude Oil Emulsions: Effect of Nonionic Surfactants as Emulsion Inhibitors}, journal = {Energy \& Fuels}, year = {2009}, volume = {23}, pages = {4575-4583}, number = {9}, abstract = {The destabilization of crude oil emulsions by polyoxyethylene nonylphenols as inhibitors has been investigated at a water-to-oil volume ratio of 1:1, as a function of the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) and concentration. The results show that the stability of crude oil emulsion begins to level off after a critical surfactant concentration, which seems to correspond to their critical micelle concentration (CMC). A stability minimum was found after the stability plateau region, which corresponds to the inversion of emulsion from W/O to O/W. Furthermore, the inhibitor with HLB=14.2 has the highest efficiency for demulsification with the highest separation rate and the lowest inversion point, whereas inhibitors with higher HLB are less effective, which may be due to the network formation by their very long oxyethyl headgroups and interactions with indigenous components of the crude oil.}, doi = {10.1021/ef900355d}, eprint = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ef900355d}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef900355d} } @ARTICLE{Fan2010, author = {Yanru Fan and Sébastien Simon and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Interfacial shear rheology of asphaltenes at oil-water interface and its relation to emulsion stability: Influence of concentration, solvent aromaticity and nonionic surfactant}, journal = {Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, year = {2010}, volume = {366}, pages = {120 - 128}, number = {1-3}, abstract = {The interfacial shear rheology of asphaltene film at toluene-heptane/brine interface has been studied. The oscillation mode of a rheometer utilizing a biconical geometry has been employed to determine film structure and mechanical strength of the interfacial layer, as a function of interface age, solvent aromaticity and asphaltene concentration. With 60% toluene-40% heptane as oil solvent, a concentration threshold around 2-5 g/L asphaltenes was found for the formation of gel-like structure at oil/brine interface, after aging for 6-7 h. This concentration is close to the concentration threshold for the formation of stable W/O emulsion. Further increase in concentration from 5 to 10 g/L gives similar interfacial modulus values, indicating that a saturation state of the interfacial layer is reached. At a given asphaltenes concentration 5 g/L, the storage modulus decreases when increasing the proportion of toluene and vanish with 100% toluene, however, much higher modulus was obtained for the same asphaltene concentration in 30% toluene which has flocculation inside. In addition, when nonionic surfactant coexist with asphaltenes in the bulk phase, only viscous interface was detected, which may attribute to the effect of surfactant for displacing asphaltenes at the interface and inhibiting asphaltene cluster formation in the bulk phase.}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.034}, issn = {0927-7757}, keywords = {Interfacial rheology}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFR-506RCPK-3/2/6adbfd986622a98658c9fa4eb1836d97} } @ARTICLE{Fan2010a, author = {Fan, Yanru and Simon, Sébastien and Sjöblom, Johan}, title = {Influence of Nonionic Surfactants on the Surface and Interfacial Film Properties of Asphaltenes Investigated by Langmuir Balance and Brewster Angle Microscopy}, journal = {Langmuir}, year = {2010}, volume = {26}, pages = {10497-10505}, number = {13}, abstract = {The interfacial film properties of asphaltenes and their mixtures with nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene nonylphenols) have been investigated using a Langmuir trough and a Brewster angle microscope (BAM). The effects of asphaltene concentration, surfactant/asphaltene ratio, and surfactant HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) have been studied at the air-water interface. The BAM image for asphaltenes show irregular domains with various structures even before compression, indicating preaggregation of asphaltenes in the spreading solution. The film morphology depends on both concentration and total amount of asphaltenes in the spreading solution. Lower proportions of surfactant (5 wt %) compared to asphaltenes increases the film compressibility and disperses the asphaltene domains; however, the behavior of the surface film is still dominated by asphaltenes. When the proportion of surfactant is increased to 50 wt %, surfactant molecules can occupy the interface top layer with multilayer formation by asphaltenes beneath this layer, and a relatively homogeneous film is observed by BAM. At the oil-water interface, surfactant was examined as both an inhibitor and a demulsifier for water-in-oil emulsions. Surfactants with intermediate HLB = 14.2 are most efficient in both cases preventing asphaltene adsorption at the interface by competitive adsorption and breaking the existing asphaltene film by displacement of asphaltenes from the interface.}, doi = {10.1021/la100258h}, eprint = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/la100258h}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la100258h} } @TECHREPORT{Foss2010, author = {Martin Foss}, title = {Technical memo – Status Report 1 - Reference Fluids CTR 3.6}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2010}, number = {1}, abstract = {In the multiphase transport project CTR 3.6 was established to compose requirement specifications for and assist in the development of reference/model fluids in each experimental campaign in oil-water and gas-oil separation and transport experiments at IFE, NTNU and SINTEF. The work should ensure delivery of reference fluid to the experimental facilities and ensure that the knowledge regarding the development of the reference fluid is spread throughout the FACE group. The deliverables from the CTR is reports on the status of the reference fluids use and work related to developing and spreading the use of the reference fluids in FACE and among FACE partners. The development of plans for production and use will be done when the other projects in FACE initialize the use of the fluids. To date the only significant campaign using the reference fluids were done outside of FACE in IFE’s medium scale well flow loop. The results are thus not open to FACE but the knowledge regarding the use of the fluids are available to all partners through this document.}, keywords = {reference fluid; model oil; laboratory experiments}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2011.01.13}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoom/petroleum/SFI/0_39153} } @TECHREPORT{Fossen2010, author = {Martin Fossen}, title = {Separation experiments and crude oil properties - Analysis of batch settling experiments delivered as in-kind to FACE by Statoil}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2010}, comment = {Report available to partners in FACE ERoom}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_354ba/REPORT_CTR3.2%20Data_Rottvoll%20draft.doc} } @ARTICLE{Furtado2010, author = {Furtado, Kalli and Skartlien, Roar}, title = {Derivation and thermodynamics of a lattice Boltzmann model with soluble amphiphilic surfactant}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, year = {2010}, volume = {81}, pages = {066704}, number = {6}, month = {Jun}, abstract = {We derive a lattice Boltzmann model of a ternary fluid mixture, one component of which consists of amphiphilic molecules with a rotational degree of freedom. The model was first introduced elsewhere where it was constructed on the basis of the earlier Shan-Chen type lattice Boltzmann model for binary fluids. We provide a rigorous derivation of the model from an underlying continuum kinetic theory. In particular, we show how the model can be interpreted as a discretization of a Vlasov-Boltzmann type kinetic theory for a fluid composed of two species of oppositely charged monopoles and a composite, dipolar molecule. We also derive a free-energy functional for the model, including the contribution from the amphiphiles, and confirm that the free energy is lowered during phase separation and during the formation of a stable emulsion.}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.81.066704}, numpages = {11}, owner = {FACE}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, timestamp = {2010.11.09} } @TECHREPORT{Holmaas2008, author = {Kristian Holmås}, title = {LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LIQUID JETS}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2008}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35835/KH-F-274-Stability%20of%20a%20liquid%20jet.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Huang2010a, author = {Jun Huang and Ole Jørgen Nydal}, title = {A Hybrid Algorithm of Event Driven Method and TimeDrivenMethod for Simulation of Granular Flows}, journal = {To be submitted to Communications in Computational Physics}, year = {2010}, comment = {Pending approval by FACE Reference Group}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_36ed0/Huang_CiCP_2010.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Huang2010b, author = {Jun Huang and Ole Jørgen Nydal}, title = {Body Fitted Link-cell Algorithm for Particulate Flow Simulation in Curved Pipeline}, journal = {To be submitted to Journal of Physics A}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The link-cell (LC) algorithm is widely used in discrete element method (DEM) simulation to increase the computational efficiency. The common way is to divide the entire computational domain into a series of square sub-cells. A huge index matrix, Omega, is required to store the information of those particles located in each of these sub-cells. However, most of these sub-cells are always empty for some anomalistic computational domain, such as for particulate flow in a pipeline. These empty sub-cells also consume the limit memory bandwidth and decrease the computational power. In order to reduce the size of the index matrix, a body fitted link-cell (BFLC) algorithm is established to identify the neighbors quickly. Furthermore, a simplified algorithm for simulation of two dimensional particulate flow in pipelines is presented. Lastly, an example is presented to show the validation of the BFLC algorithm.}, comment = {Pending approval by FACE Reference Group}, keywords = {neighbor list, discrete element method, curved pipeline}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_36ed2/Huang_JPA_2010.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Huang2010, author = {Huang, Yrjö Jun and Chan, C. K. and Zamankhan, Piroz}, title = {Granular jet impingement on a fixed target}, journal = {Phys. Rev. E}, year = {2010}, volume = {82}, pages = {031307}, number = {3}, month = {Sep}, abstract = {In this work discrete element modeling (DEM) was applied to the flow of granular jets against a target. The resulting sheetlike or conelike formations under different conditions are described and explained by means of kinetic analysis. A qualitative and quantitative comparison with experimental results [Cheng et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 188001 (2007)] provides interesting insights in the theoretical treatment of the head-on collision of granular jets. Results presented in this paper provide a theoretical description of this type of physical system. However, there still exist obstacles in obtaining quantitative results.}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.82.031307}, numpages = {8}, owner = {FACE}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, timestamp = {2010.11.09} } @ARTICLE{Kelesoglu2010, author = {Serkan Kelesoglu and Bjørnar H. Pettersen and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Characterization of water-in-North Sea acidic crude oil emulsions by means of rheology, droplet size and laminar flow in pipeline}, journal = {Submitted to Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The formation of the water-in-crude oil emulsions is very common in the petroleum industry, can cause significant flow assurance problems during oil production in oil field operations. Good estimations of the rheology, droplet size and laminar flow properties of these emulsions are very important for oil field developments and flow assurance assessments. In this study, water-in-North Sea acidic crude oil emulsions were characterized by means of rheology, droplet size and laminar flow in pipeline. The rheological properties of the emulsions were investigated at different aqueous phase volume fractions (phi), temperatures and shear rates (s-1). The laminar flow properties of the emulsions in the pipeline were investigated in a 3 m horizontal test section of pipe with 0.0221 m inner diameter at different flow rates ranging from 0.30 to 0.70 m/s at 40oC. Various data were acquired on the emulsions, pressure drop, phase fraction, flow rate, droplet size, and droplet size distribution.}, comment = {Pending approval by FACE Reference Group}, keywords = {North Sea acidic crude oil, Emulsions, Rheology, Droplet size, Laminar flow}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_36e5c/Serkan%20Kelesoglu%20et%20al%20%285%29%20JDST.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Kelesoglu2010a, author = {Serkan Kelesoglu and Bjørnar H. Pettersen and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Flow behaviour of water-in-North Sea heavy crude oil emulsions}, journal = {To be submitted to Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Heavy (viscous) crude oils have become an increasingly valuable source of hydrocarbon liquids in many parts of the world. The formation of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions is very common in the petroleum industry. Transportation of these fluids from the reservoir to the refinery can be a problem. In the petroleum industry, good estimations of the rheological and pipeline flow behaviour of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions are very important for flow assurance assessments. In this work, rheological and pipeline flow behaviour of water (brine 3.5 g NaCl/cm3) in North Sea heavy crude oil emulsions were investigated. The rheological properties of the emulsions were investigated at different aqueous phase volume fractions (phi), temperatures, and shear rates (s-1). Stable emulsions are shown to form with aqueous phase volume fractions as high as 0.70. Rheological flow curves show strong shear thinning behaviour for the crude oil as well as emulsions at low temperatures and a power law model is sufficient for the whole range of shear rates. The NMR analysis confirms tight emulsions with an average droplet size of 3.9 micron for all aqueous phase volume fractions. The pipeline flow behaviour of the emulsions were investigated in a 3 m horizontal test section of pipe with 0.0221 m inner diameter at different aqueous phase volume fractions and flow rates from 0.10 to 0.50 and 0.10 to 0.70 m/s at 50oC respectively. The pipeline flow experiments indicate flow of the emulsions is in laminar flow regime and the emulsions have Newtonian behaviour at studied flow rates and temperature. The FBRM analysis confirms that aqueous phase volume fraction and flow rate affect in-situ droplet size and droplet size distribution of the emulsions in pipeline.}, comment = {Pending approval by FACE Reference Group}, keywords = {North Sea heavy crude oil, Water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions, Rheology, Pipeline transport}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_36e5b/S_Kelesoglu_Msc_5.pdf} } @PATENT{Kelesoglu2010c, nationality = {UK}, year = {2010}, yearfiled = {2010}, author = {Serkan Kelesoglu and Johan Sjöblom}, title = {Synthetic Crude Oil}, note = {Submitted 2010}, abstract = {A synthetic composition suitable for use in mimicking a crude oil comprising: (I) at least one base oil component; (II) at least one surfactant; and (III) at least one particulate component having a particle size in the range from 5 to 500 nm.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09} } @CONFERENCE{Kolaas2011, author = {Jostein Kolaas and Atle Jensen}, title = {Time-resolved Combined DPIV/PTV measurements of two-phase turbulent pipe flow}, booktitle = {13TH EUROPEAN TURBULENCE CONFERENCE, WARSAW, POLAND}, year = {2011}, month = {12–15 September}, abstract = {Up until recently the majority of experimental work in two-phase pipe flow was performed using point measurements such as laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle Doppler phase analyzers (PDPA). Other non-intrusive measurements such as digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) yield a two-dimensional view of the instantaneous flow field, but often at a much lower data rate. Typical Reynolds numbers found in the literature for combined DPIV/PTV measurements in both pipe and channel flow are O(5,000), while those from LDV measurements can be one to two orders of magnitude larger. Time-resolved DPIV/PTV measurements allow for measurements in such flows with high temporal resolution. We will present time-resolved combined DPIV/PTV measurements of two-phase turbulent pipe flow. The carrier phase is water, while the dispersed phase consists of polystyrene particles with and without silver coating. (i.e. rho>1 g cm-3). The experimental setup and technique will be described along with measurements of particle-turbulence interaction and turbulence modification. The experimental system consists of a 0.05 m ID Perspex pipe with a measurement region 27.5 m downstream of the inlet. The measurement region is enclosed in a clear Perspex box filled with Isopar to reduce distortion caused by the curved pipe wall. The flow loop can be run up to Re > 100,000 based on the pipe diameter and bulk velocity, and the present experiments were performed at Re=44,000, 66,000, and 88,000. To assess the quality we will show comparison for single phase flow to DNS[1]. We will also look into potential error sources when filtering out part of the PIV image, checking the robustness of different post-processing techniques.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2011.01.11}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_39135/Kolaas_J_ETC13.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Kolaas2011a, author = {Jostein Kolaas and Atle Jensen and Michael Mielnik}, title = {Visualization and measurement of flow in micro Y-channels with an expanded bifurcation}, journal = {Submitted to Exp. Fluids}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Experiments of fluid flow in microchannels are conducted and velocities and accelerations are measured using PTV. Both pulsatile and stationary flow are generated in channel geometry. Distinct differences between flow regimes and geometries are shown. Flow separation occured at Re = 84 for the channel with an expanded bifurcation shown by streamlines from long exposed images. Moving least squares are used to find the ensemble averaged positions of the velocities measured. This is needed to find the local and convective accelerations.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2011.04.04}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_39bbc/Kolaas_Y-CHannel_2011_ver1.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Krampa2009, author = {Franklin Krampa}, title = {FACE Project Viscous Oil Database: v1.0}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_31a43/CTR72_D1_VODataBaseManual_v1.0.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Langsholt2010, author = {Morten Langsholt and Gustavo Zarruk}, title = {The Low Pressure Loop at IFE modified for FACE suspension work}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2010}, comment = {Report available to partners in FACE ERoom}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35800/Report_LowPressLoop.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Larsson2009, author = {Per-Erik Larsson}, title = {Is dissipative particle dynamics a useful tool to model emulsion formation and coalescence?}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_3557d/DPD_Coal_Breakup_Report.pdf} } @ARTICLE{Lin2010, author = {Yuan Lin and Paal Skjetne and Andreas Carlson}, title = {A phase feld model for multiphase electro-hydrodynamic flow}, journal = {Submitted to J. Fluid Mech.}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The principles of electro-hydrodynamics have been known for more than a century with extensive experimental studies, where these principles have been adopted for industrial applications e.g. fluid mixing and de-mixing. Analytical solutions of such electrohydrodynamic flows only exist in a limited number of cases, like the small deformation of a single droplet in a steady electric field. Numerical modeling of such phenomena can provide significant insights about electro-hydrodynamics multi-phase flows. Previous numerical studies have been confined to droplets in direct current (DC) electric fields. In the present paper we propose a model for the study of electro-hydrodynamic forces acting on droplets in an alternating current (AC) electric field based on phase field theory. This AC model can be viewed as a generalization of earlier DC models. The proposed model is validated under DC conditions, and found to be in good agreement with existing analytical solutions and numerical studies in the literature. In particular we show the effect of frequency, using the AC model, on the droplet deformation. Simulations of electro-coalescence of droplets under AC and DC electric field are presented where we show the influence of frequency, permittivity ratio between the droplet and the medium, the viscosity ratio and the surface tension force. These results can be applied as guidelines to promote coalescence and avoid a dispersion of droplets in the electro-coalescence processes.}, keywords = {droplet breakup and coalescence, electro-hydrodynamics, finite element method, phase field method, AC / DC}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_3443f/Numerical_Electro_coalescense_April5.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Lin2010a, author = {Y. Lin and P. Skjetne and A. Carlson}, title = {Phase-field model for electro-hydrodynamic flow.}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 - June 4}, citeseerurl = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_34169/LinSC-ICMF2010.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Lo2008, author = {Simon Lo}, title = {STAR-CD modelling of closed-channel experiment}, institution = {CD-adapco}, year = {2008}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35802/STAR-CD%20Channel.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Lo2008a, author = {Simon Lo}, title = {Tutorial FACE-Channel1: Modelling Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in an oil-water interface}, institution = {CD-adapco}, year = {2008}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35803/STAR-CD%20Channel%20tutorial.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Lo2009, author = {Simon Lo}, title = {Investigation of numerical parameters in simulation of oil-in-water jet experiments}, institution = {CD-adapco}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_3582a/STAR-CD%20Oil%20in%20water%20jet.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Lund2009, author = {Bjørnar Lund}, title = {Executive summary of FACE reports on viscous oils}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_313b6/CTR71_D2_ExecutiveSummaryLiteratureStudyMultiphaseViscousOils.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Magnusson2009, author = {Heléne Magnusson}, title = {Production of model particles}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d72/Particle%20production.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Nossen2009, author = {Jan Nossen}, title = {A literature study of multiphase flow with viscous oils}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2009}, comment = {Supplied as in-kind contribution by Statoil}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_313bb/CTR71_D1_JN-F-032-IFE%20viscous%20oil%20literature%20survey%20rev%201.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Nossen2009a, author = {Jan Nossen and Per Fuchs}, title = {FACE GAP analysis for viscous oils}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_2b7ec/CTR71_D2_JN-F-250-FACEGapAnalysisViscousOils.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Nuland2010, author = {Sven Nuland}, title = {Statistical moments to describe particle size distribution}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2010}, comment = {Report available to partners in FACE ERoom}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d74/Statistical%20moments%20to%20describe%20particle%20size%20distribution.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Plasencia2010, author = {J. Plasencia and O.J. Nydal}, title = {Influence of the pipe diameter in dispersed oil-water flows}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 -June 4}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587} } @ARTICLE{Skartlien2010, author = {R. Skartlien and K. Furtado and E. Sollum and P. Meakin and I. Kralova}, title = {Lattice Boltzmann simulations of dynamic interfacial tension due to soluble amphiphilic surfactant}, journal = {Submitted to Physica A}, year = {2010}, abstract = {An amphiphilic Lattice-Boltzmann approach is adopted to model dynamic interfacial tension due to non-ionic surfactant. In the current system, the sur- factant adsorption kinetics is diffusion dominated and the interface separates two immiscible fluids. A rotational relaxation time and a diffusive/viscous relaxation time are associated with the surfactant. The model results are compared with experimental data for the dynamic interfacial tension of a pendant oil droplet in water, with oil soluble surfactant. We demonstrate how to adapt and calibrate the model to capture the adsorption timescale of the surfactant and the magnitude of interfacial tension reduction due to surfactant. A scheme to overcome numerical instabilities that arise due to the relatively low surfactant concentration is devised. We are able to quali- tatively match the Frumkin equation of state for the interfacial tension.}, keywords = {Adsorption; Kinetics; Interfaces; Surfactant; Computation; Lattice Boltzmann modelling}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35aed/Skartlien-PhysA-2010.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Skartlien2010a, author = {R. Skartlien and E. Sollum and T. B. Kjeldby and P. Meakin and K. Furtado}, title = {Simulation of oil/water interfacial dynamics in the presence of surfactant, using the Lattice Boltzmann approach}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 – June 4}, citeseerurl = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35801/SkartlienSKMF-ICMF2010.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Skartlien2009, author = {R. Skartlien and E. Sollum and P. Meakin and K. Furtado and I. E. Smith}, title = {The Lattice Boltzmann Method with applications to multi-phase flow containing interfacially active components}, institution = {IFE and SINTEF}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The basics of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are reviewed. We have developed our own code, and its applications to oil/water related multiphase flow are discussed. Focus is put on the Shan and Chen model, which is based on a meso-scale prescription of the inter-molecular forces. Three-fluid applications are presented in which two of the fluids are only slightly miscible, and the third fluid is either a hydrophobic-hydrophilic surfactant (an amphiphilic fluid) with a rotational degree of freedom, or a fluid representing microscale particles with either hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties. The relationships between the fluid-fluid interaction strengths (or potentials) and classical parameters such as interfacial tension and scalar diffusivities are investigated. Test cases with single droplets, emulsions and Marangoni flow, are used to demonstrate the effect of surfactant.}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_2b484/report-PM-RS-rev.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{Skjaeraasen2010, author = {O. Skjaeraasen and R. Skartlien and G. Zarruk}, title = {A Two-Way Coupled Reynolds Stress Model for Suspensions with Comparison to Experiment.}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 – June 4}, citeseerurl = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_3416a/skjaeraasen_skartlien_zarruk_ICMF2010.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Skjaeraasen2010a, author = {Olaf Skjæraasen and Roar Skartlien}, title = {A Model of Turbulent Dispersions With 2-Way Coupling, Part I - Fundamentals and Derivation.}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2010}, comment = {Report available to partners in FACE ERoom}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_302e7/TurbulentSuspensionModel_PartI.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Smith2010, author = {Ivar Eskerud Smith and Jan Nossen}, title = {Comparisson of OLGA simulations and experiments on high viscosity oils}, institution = {SINTEF}, year = {2010}, comment = {Report available to partners in FACE ERoom}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_3250a/CTR73_D1_Comparison%20of%20VO%20data%20with%20OLGA_final_signed.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Soerland2008, author = {Sørland, Geir H}, title = {Development of a fast and accurate method for determination of oil in water or water in oil droplets}, institution = {Anvendt Teknologi AS}, year = {2008}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_2b7ee/OWWO2007.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Soerland2008a, author = {Geir H Sørland}, title = {Characterisation of emulsions by NMR}, institution = {Anvendt Teknologi AS}, year = {2008}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_2b7ed/Characterisation_of_emulsions_by_NMR.pdf} } @TECHREPORT{Zarruk2009, author = {Gustavo Zarruk}, title = {Dilute suspensions: a review of experimental observation on particle-laden wall-bounded flows}, institution = {IFE}, year = {2009}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35800/Report_LowPressLoop.pdf} } @CONFERENCE{G.A.Zarruk2010, author = {G. A. Zarruk and O. Skjæraasen and R. Skartlien}, title = {Experimental investigation of particlefluid interaction in turbulent channel flow}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 2010, Tampa, FL}, year = {2010}, month = {May 30 – June 4}, citeseerurl = {http://conferences.dce.ufl.edu/icmf2010/default.aspx?page=587}, owner = {FACE}, timestamp = {2010.11.09}, url = {https://project.sintef.no/eRoomReq/Files/petroleum/SFI/0_35d6b/Particle-fluid%20interaction%20in%20turbulent%20channel%20flow-ICMF2010.pdf} } @comment{jabref-meta: selector_publisher:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_author:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_journal:} @comment{jabref-meta: selector_keywords:}